The Relentless Revolution: A History of Capitalism 冷酷的革命：资本主义历史 下载 pdf 百度网盘 epub 免费 2025 电子版 mobi 在线

With its deep roots and global scope, the capitalist system provides the framework for our lives. It is a framework of constant change, sometimes measured and predictable, sometimes drastic and out of control. Yet what is now ubiquitous was not always so. Capitalism took shape centuries ago, starting with a handful of isolated changes in farming, trade, and manufacturing, clustered in early-modern England. Astute observers began to notice these changes and consider their effects. Those in power began to harness these new practices to the state, enhancing both. A system generating wealth, power, and new ideas arose to reshape societies in a constant surge of change. The centuries-long history of capitalism is rich and eventful. Approaching capitalism as a culture, as important for its ideas and values as for its inventions and systems, Joyce Appleby gives us a fascinating introduction to this most potent creation of mankind from its origins to now.

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熊彼得提出过一种可能性，他认为资本主义注定会失败，因为它倾向于破坏保护它的体制。

与中国人民一样，中国政府对待巨额财富也很谨慎，它把其中大部分都投资在了美国中长期债券上。这是美国经济的福音，但不一定对中国经济有利。

中国和印度... 他们总共有两万亿美元的美国政府债券。这些债券几乎没有产生收益，所以经济学家劳伦斯萨默斯力劝亚洲领导人转而把钱投进区域基金，资助基建项目。

所有的经济首先都是粮食生产。

17世纪前，约80%的人口必须务农，才能养活其余的人，这个严峻的统计数据从未改变过。而供养者和被供养者的身份则是由权力强加的。

16世纪，西班牙也以类似方式利用过军事力量。发生饥荒时，西班牙人就会从属地西西里岛和那不勒斯抢夺粮食，任由那里的意大利人饿死。

因为收成不定，人们只能听天由命。在这些情况下，宿命论盛行。只有农业生产力提高了，恶劣天气才会显得不那么生死攸关，人们才愿意相信自己有掌控命运的能力。

书籍介绍

With its deep roots and global scope, the capitalist system provides the framework for our lives. It is a framework of constant change, sometimes measured and predictable, sometimes drastic and out of control. Yet what is now ubiquitous was not always so. Capitalism took shape centuries ago, starting with a handful of isolated changes in farming, trade, and manufacturing, clustered in early-modern England. Astute observers began to notice these changes and consider their effects. Those in power began to harness these new practices to the state, enhancing both. A system generating wealth, power, and new ideas arose to reshape societies in a constant surge of change. The centuries-long history of capitalism is rich and eventful. Approaching capitalism as a culture, as important for its ideas and values as for its inventions and systems, Joyce Appleby gives us a fascinating introduction to this most potent creation of mankind from its origins to now.